ATI Pathophysiology Practice Exam

Which part of the brain regulates heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure?

1. Cerebellum

2. Cerebrum

3. Medulla oblongata

4. Hypothalamus

The correct answer is: Medulla oblongata

The medulla oblongata is a critical structure located in the brainstem that plays a vital role in autonomic functions essential for maintaining homeostasis in the body. It regulates fundamental bodily processes, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. Within the medulla, there are specific centers known as the cardiovascular and respiratory centers. The cardiovascular center modulates heart rate and blood vessel diameter, thereby influencing blood pressure. The respiratory center controls the rhythm and rate of breathing by responding to changes in carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the blood. In contrast, the cerebellum is primarily involved in coordinating voluntary movements and balance but does not have a direct role in regulating autonomic functions. The cerebrum, which is the largest part of the brain, is associated with higher cognitive functions such as reasoning and decision-making, while the hypothalamus regulates a wide array of functions such as temperature control, hunger, and the sleep-wake cycle, but does not directly govern the heart rate or blood pressure like the medulla oblongata does.